![]() have been associated with several other infections beyond UTIs, such as primary bacteremias and more rarely with other types of infections, such as respiratory tract, or wound infections. are commonly isolated from the blood of patients, more commonly in the context of a UTI. 4 This ability to form biofilms is associated with its ability to cause UTIs. mirabilis, due to its flagella and the production of adhesins, can form biofilms quite quickly and easily, leading to fouling of foreign materials, such as urinary tract catheters. are most commonly associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs), both in regular hosts, as well as in patients with indwelling catheters and anatomic or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract. 1 - 3 Even though there are several species of the Proteus genus, the vast majority of the isolated clinical isolates are P. are members of the Enterobacteriaceae family and are motile, lactose-negative, urease-producing, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are able to differentiate from typical enterobacterial bacilli into highly elongated rods covered with thousands of flagella, thus producing swarming colonies. This systematic review describes IE by Proteus species in detail and provides information on epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes. Clinical cure was noted in 62.5%, while overall mortality was 43.8%. Aminoglycosides and cephalosporins were the most common antimicrobials used for treatment. Fever and sepsis were present in 100% and 84.6%, respectively. Diagnosis was set with transesophageal echocardiography in 37.5%, and transthoracic echocardiography in 25%, while the diagnosis was set at autopsy in 25%. Aortic valve was the most common infected site in 33.3%, followed by mitral valve in 26.7%. A prosthetic valve was present in 25%, while the most common causative pathogen was P. A total of 16 studies, containing data of 16 patients, were included. A systematic review of PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library (through 5 th May 2020) for studies providing epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data as well as data on treatment and outcomes of IE by Proteus species was performed. The purpose of this study was to systemically review all published cases of IE by Proteus species in the literature. However, even though scarce evidence exists suggesting their potential to cause infective endocarditis (IE), a study summarizing the existing evidence is lacking. are members of the Enterobacteriaceae family and are Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria known to mainly cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans.
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